Prepare the Dough: Combine durum wheat semolina flour, sourdough starter or yeast, salt, and lukewarm water in a large bowl.
Mix and Knead: Mix until a dough forms, then knead for 10–15 minutes until smooth and elastic.
First Rise: Cover the dough and let it rise in a warm place for 2–3 hours, or until noticeably increased in size.
Shape the Loaf: Shape the dough into a round loaf. Traditionally, Pane di Altamura may be folded and shaped to create its characteristic tall form.
Second Rise: Cover and allow the shaped loaf to rest for 45–60 minutes.
Preheat the Oven: Heat the oven to 230°C (450°F), preferably with a baking stone or heavy baking tray inside.
Bake the Bread: Score the loaf and bake for 15 minutes at 230°C. Reduce the temperature to 200°C (400°F) and bake for another 30–40 minutes until deeply golden and crisp.
Cool and Serve: Transfer the bread to a wire rack and let it cool completely before slicing. Serve with olive oil, cheese, or your favorite Italian dishes.